Factors associated with adverse drug reactions or death in very elderly hospitalized patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

The aging of patients with tuberculosis and better therapeutic management for them are recent concerns. This study aimed to identify risk factors for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or death in very elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and to assess the association between the dosage of antituberculosis drugs and outcomes. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study at two hospitals. Hospitalized patients (≥ 80 years old) with pulmonary tuberculosis who were treated with antituberculosis drugs were enrolled. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess factors associated with ADRs or death within 60 days after treatment initiation. In total, 632 patients were included. The primary endpoint occurred in 268 patients (190 ADRs and 78 deaths). A serum albumin level < 2.5 g/dL, respiratory failure, and dependent activities of daily living were independent risk factors for ADRs or death. However, a low dosage (< 8 mg/kg/day) of rifampicin was associated with a lower risk of the primary outcomes. Delayed time to negative sputum culture conversion was not observed in the lower dosage of rifampicin group. Very elderly hospitalized tuberculosis patients with the aforementioned risk factors should be carefully monitored to receive safer treatment. Rifampicin dosage reduction may be considered for very elderly tuberculosis patients to prevent ADRs/death.

Four-Month High-Dose Rifampicin Regimens for Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

High-Dose Rifampicin Regimen for Pulmonary TuberculosisThis randomized, controlled trial tested the efficacy and safety of high-dose rifampicin (1200 or 1800 mg/d) as part of the treatment regimen for pulmonary tuberculosis. Four-month high-dose rifampicin regimens had no dose-limiting side effects but failed to meet noninferiority criteria compared with the standard 6-month control regimen.

Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: In tuberculosis treatment, corticosteroids are used as adjuvants, especially in meningeal/pericardial tuberculosis. In other forms of the disease, especially in severe tuberculosis requiring mechanical ventilation, its use is controversial. The aim of the present study is to assess whether the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in mechanical ventilation is associated with in-hospital mortality. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study. Tuberculosis patients >18 years requiring mechanical ventilation, admitted to the emergency department or intensive care unit, were included. Data on corticosteroid use and mortality were collected. RESULTS: In total, 467 patients were included in the analysis; 399 used corticosteroids and 68 were noncorticosteroid users. The mortality rate was higher among corticosteroid users (59.9%) than in noncorticosteroid users (41.2%) (p=0.010). The total dose of corticosteroid in prednisone equivalents was not different between survivors and nonsurvivors (median [interquartile range]: 80 mg [5-56.6 mg] vs. 80 mg [50-135 mg]; p=0.881). CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis patients in mechanical ventilation who used corticosteroids had a higher mortality rate than those who did not use corticosteroids. The role of corticosteroids in pulmonary tuberculosis, especially in critically ill patients, remains unclear and needs further evaluation in prospective studies.

Efficacy and safety of daily treatments for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and update the evidence on the comparative efficacy and safety of antimicrobial drugs regimens for treating pulmonary drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB). METHODS: A systematic review was performed with searches in PubMed and Scopus (PROSPERO-CRD42019141463). We included randomised controlled trials comparing the effect of any antimicrobial regimen lasting at least 2 weeks. The outcomes of interest were culture conversion and incidence of adverse events. Bayesian network meta-analyses and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) analyses were performed. Results were reported as odds ratio with 95% credibility intervals. KEY FINDINGS: Fifteen studies were included the meta-analysis (n = 7560 patients). No regimen was statistically more effective than the WHO standard approach (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide). The use of rifapentine 450 mg instead of rifampicin in the standard regimen demonstrated to be statistically safer than all other options for serious adverse events (e.g. hepatotoxicity, arthralgia) (OR ranging from 0.0 [Crl 0.00-0.04] to 0.0 [0.00-0.97]; SUCRA probabilities of 10%). Therapies containing rifapentine (Rp1500HEZ, Rp900HEZ) and moxifloxacin (RMEZ, RHMZ) are effective regarding culture conversion, but statistical uncertainty on their safety profile exists. CONCLUSION: The WHO standard regimen remains an overall effective and safe alternative for DS-TB. For intensive phase treatments, drugs combinations with rifapentine and moxifloxacin seem to reduce treatment duration while maintaining efficacy.

Tuberculose pulmonar causada pelo uso de infliximab em paciente com Doença de Crohn / Pulmonary tuberculosis caused by the use of infliximab in a patient with Crohn's Disease

A doença de Crohn é uma patologia caracterizada pela inflamação transmural do trato gastrointestinal, compondo o espectro das doenças inflamatórias intestinais. Nos casos mais graves, dispõe de tratamento com uso de agentes biológicos e imunomoduladores que podem à reativação ou exacerbação de doenças infecciosas preexistentes. Este relato de caso trata de uma paciente do sexo feminino de 24 anos, diagnosticada com Doença de Crohn há 10 anos, evoluindo com necessidade de tratamento com infliximab e, após período de menos de 1 ano, apresentou odinofagia progressiva, dor abdominal e diarreia, além de perda ponderal, sudorese noturna e febre diária. Tomografia computadorizada de tórax evidenciou árvore em brotamento, sendo confirmado diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar pelo Teste Rápido Molecular no escarro e provável tuberculose laríngea e intestinal.

Crohn's disease is a pathology characterized by transmural inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, comprising the spectrum of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. In the most severe cases, treatment using biological agents and immunomodulators may be available, which can lead to the reactivation or exacerbation of preexisting infectious diseases. This case report is about a 24-year-old female patient, diagnosed with Crohn's disease 10 years ago, evolving in need of treatment with Infliximab and, after a period of less than 1 year, she presented progressive odynophagia, abdominal pain and diarrhea, in addition to weight loss, night sweats and daily fever. Chest computer tomography showed a tree in bud, and the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed by the Rapid Molecular Test in the sputum and probable laryngeal and intestinal tuberculosis.

A rapid point of care CC16 kit for screening of occupational silica dust exposed workers for early detection of silicosis/silico-tuberculosis.

Silicosis is an irreversible, incurable and progressive occupational disease caused by prolonged exposure to crystalline-silica dust while working in the relevant industries. Conventionally diagnosis is done by chest radiology, often in an advanced stage as early symptoms often go unnoticed. Early detection and necessary intervention (secondary prevention) could be a realistic possible control strategy for controlling silicosis as no effective treatment is available to stop and/or reverse the pathological process. Additionally, these patients are also vulnerable to pulmonary tuberculosis, which often becomes difficult to treat and with uncertain treatment outcome. Considering India has a huge burden of silicosis and silico-tuberculosis, a rapid and inexpensive screening method was realized to be an urgent need for early detection of silicosis among silica dust exposed workers. Serum club cell protein 16 (CC16) is evidenced to be a useful proxy screening marker for early detection of silicosis as evidenced from the recent research work of ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR-NIOH), India. In this study a lateral-flow assay for semi-quantitative estimation of serum CC16 level was developed. The detection was performed using gold nanoparticles conjugated anti-CC16 monoclonal antibodies. A sum of 106 serum samples was tested to do the performance evaluation of the assay. A concentration of 6 ng/ml or less produced one band, 6.1-9 ng/ml produced two bands, while more than 9 ng/ml produced all the three bands at the test zone. The sensitivity of the assay was 100% while the specificity was 95%. This assay may be used as a sensitive tool for periodic screening of silica dust exposed vulnerable workers for early detection of silicosis in them.

[Anti-PD1 immunotherapy followed by tuberculosis infection or reactivation]. / Tuberculose pulmonaire sous traitement par immunothérapie type anti-PD1.

INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy is now a standard of care in oncology. There is a need to improve our knowledge about immune-related adverse events, especially infectious diseases. CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a 49-year old male who received anti-PD1 therapy, to treat metastatic melanoma with pulmonary metastasis. After 3 cycles of nivolumab, computed tomography scanning showed a decrease of the pulmonary metastasis in the upper left lobe, but revealed new pulmonary lesions such as tree-in-bud and a lung cavity in the same lobe. This was diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis with no antibiotic resistance identified. The patient continued the immunotherapy and was initiated onto a standard anti-tuberculosis therapy. In the absence of an initial positive IFN-γ release assay (Quantiferon) test, but as there might have been a history of primary infection during childhood, a reactivation of tuberculosis was considered to be likely. CONCLUSIONS: This is the ninth case of tuberculosis infection under immunotherapy and it underlines the need to consider infection risks in patients undergoing immunotherapy. An INF-γ release assay screening test should be considered an essential part of the pre-treatment work-up.

Associations of ambient air pollutants with regional pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in the central Chinese province of Hubei: a Bayesian spatial-temporal analysis.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are still serious worldwide problems, especially in areas of developing countries. Whether there is an association between high ambient air pollutant concentrations and PTB has not been fully explored. METHODS: Bayesian spatial-temporal models were constructed to analyse the association between ambient air pollutants (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤10 µm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) and PTB incidence, adjusting for socioeconomic covariates. We collected data on pulmonary TB, ambient air pollution (PM10, SO2 and NO2) concentrations and socioeconomic covariates from 17 prefectures in the central Chinese province of Hubei between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2015. RESULTS: For every annual 10 µg/m3 increase in SO2, the relative risk (RR) of PTB incidence was 1.046 (95% credible interval [CI], 1.038-1.054) in the study area. Moreover, we found positive associations with each annual 10 µg/m3 increase in ambient air pollutants (PM10, SO2 and NO2) in females but only with SO2 in males. A significant association for each 10 µg/m3 increase in SO2 was observed in all the age groups, with a significant association for PM10 only in children under 14 years of age. A significant response relationship was also observed at a 0-1 month moving average lag for each 10 µg/m3 increase in SO2. CONCLUSIONS: High ambient air pollution concentrations in areas of developing countries might increase the risk of regional PTB incidence, especially for women and young people. Precautions and protective measures and efforts to reduce ambient air pollutant concentrations should be strengthened in developing countries.

Tuberculosis in biologic users for rheumatic diseases: results from the South African Biologics Registry (SABIO).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the rate of tuberculosis (TB) in biologic users for rheumatic diseases in South Africa, the effectiveness of our latent TB infection (LTBI) programme, risk factors and outcome. METHODS: TB cases were collected from the South African Biologics Registry (SABIO), rheumatologists and pharmaceutical companies. Demographics, LTBI screening and treatment, biological and disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapies, TB diagnosis and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: 96 TB cases were collected from 1999 to June 2017: rheumatoid arthritis 55, ankylosing spondylitis 27, psoriatic arthritis 4, and juvenile inflammatory arthritis 10. The TB rate was 1240/100 000 person years for biologic users (n=96) versus the biologic naive cohort of 0/100 000 years with an incidence rate difference of 0.0124 (p<0.0001). 60/96 had pulmonary and 36/96 had extra-pulmonary TB. Reactivation TB occurred in 45/96 cases. TB occurred in all biologics licenced in South Africa, the majority in monoclonal inhibitors (1683/100 000 person years) compared with etanercept (861/100 000 person years) and non-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (681/100 000 person years). The incidence rate ratio for monoclonal inhibitors compared with etanercept was 1.96 (p=0.005) and 2.47 (p=0.002) compared with non-TNF inhibitors with no significant difference between non-TNF inhibitors and etanercept (p=0.336). From those (12.9%) who screened LTBI positive, 14 developed TB, while the majority (77) screened LTBI negative. Black race, male sex, younger age and residence in the Western Cape were statistical risk factors. Two drug resistant TB cases and six deaths occurred. CONCLUSION: Reactivation and new onset TB is a significant risk for all biologics users in SA. Screening for LTBI is an imperative preventative strategy.

Inhaled Corticosteroids And Risk Of Tuberculosis In Patients With Obstructive Lung Diseases: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Non-randomized Studies.

Background: An association between systemic corticosteroids and tuberculosis (TB) is reported in the literature. Here within, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on the risk of TB in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Methods: The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018095874). PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus and Web of Science were searched from inception to September 2018. Papers reporting cases of incident TB in patients with obstructive lung diseases were included; studies without data on ICS use were excluded. Simultaneous use of oral corticosteroids (OCS) and population attributable fraction (PAF) for TB from ICS exposure were also assessed. Data were analyzed using a generic inverse variance method with a random-effects model. ORs with 95% CI were estimated. Results: Out of 4044 retrieved papers, 9 articles evaluating adult patients only were included in the review. 36,351 patients were prescribed ICS, while 147,171 were not. Any ICS use was associated with an increased risk of TB versus no ICS use (OR=1.46; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.01; p=0.02; I2=96%). A similar result was also found for current ICS use versus prior/no ICS use, as well as for high, moderate and low ICS dose versus no ICS. When simultaneous OCS use was evaluated, the independent contribution of ICS was confirmed only in patients not on OCS (OR=1.63; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.52; p=0.03; I2=94%). Only 0.49% of all TB cases could be attributable to ICS exposure. Conclusions: Despite the association between ICS and TB, the contribution of this risk factor to the epidemiology of TB seems to be limited. As a consequence, no population-based interventions are warranted. Rather, this risk should be taken into account on an individual basis, particularly in those patients with a high risk of progression from LTBI to TB.

Mycobacterial trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate induced vascular occlusion is accompanied by subendothelial inflammation.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a pathogen that infects and kills millions yearly. The mycobacterium's cell wall glycolipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) has been used historically to model MTB induced inflammation and granuloma formation. Alterations to the model can significantly influence the induced pathology. One such method incorporates intraperitoneal pre-exposure, after which the intravenous injection of TDM generates pathological damage effectively mimicking the hypercoagulation, thrombus formation, and tissue remodeling apparent in lungs of infected individuals. The purpose of these experiments is to examine the histological inflammation involved in the TDM mouse model that induces development of the hemorrhagic response. TDM induced lungs of C57BL/6 mice to undergo granulomatous inflammation. Further histological examination of the peak response demonstrated tissue remodeling consistent with hypercoagulation. The observed vascular occlusion indicates that obstruction likely occurs due to subendothelial localized activity leading to restriction of blood vessel lumens. Trichrome staining revealed that associated damage in the hypercoagulation model is consistent with intra endothelial cell accumulation of innate cells, bordered by collagen deposition in the underlying parenchyma. Overall, the hypercoagulation model represents a comparative pathological instrument for understanding mechanisms underlying development of hemorrhage and vascular occlusion seen during MTB infection.

The novel compound MP407 inhibits platelet aggregation through cyclic AMP-dependent processes.

Platelet hyperactivity plays a critical role for initiating several vascular diseases such as atherothrombosis. Therefore, development of effective antiplatelet agents is necessary for ameliorating platelet-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of the new synthesized compound, MP407 on platelet aggregation and further elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that MP407 dose-dependently inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, platelet membrane GPIIb/IIIa expression, and the phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3ß, p38MAPK, and phospho (Ser) PKC substrate (p47). Moreover, MP407 is able to increase the cyclic AMP formation both in resting and activated platelets. However, blocking cyclic AMP formation with 2'5'-ddAdo, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, greatly reversed the antiplatelet activity of MP407 and related platelet-activating pathways. MP407 also enhanced VASP phosphorylation at Ser157 in collagen-stimulated platelets, which was attenuated by addition of 2'5'-ddAdo. Therefore, the antiplatelet activity of MP407 may be modulated by cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of Akt, GSK3ß, p38MAPK and VASP phosphorylation. Notably, treatment with MP407 markedly reduced the pulmonary thrombosis and the numbers of paralysis and death in mice induced by ADP injection, but did not affect the bleeding time. Taken together, MP407 may be a potential candidate or lead compound for developing novel antiplatelet or antithrombotic agents for platelet hyperactivity-triggered disease therapy.

The risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in underground copper miners in Zambia exposed to respirable silica: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among underground miners exposed to silica remains a global problem. Although well described in gold and coal mining, risk in other mining entities are not as well documented. This study aims to determine dust-related dose response risk for PTB among underground miners exposed to silica dust in Zambia's copper mines. METHODS: A cross sectional study of in-service miners (n = 357) was conducted at Occupational Health and Safety Institute (OHSI), Zambia. A systematic review of medical data over a 5-year period from assessments conducted by doctors at OHSI and statutory silica exposure data (n = 16678) from the Mine Safety Department (MSD) were analysed. Lifetime cumulative exposure metrics were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between PTB and lifetime exposure to silica, while adjusting for various confounders. RESULTS: The median respirable silica dust level was 0.3 mg/m(3) (range 0.1-1.3). The overall prevalence of PTB was 9.5 % (n = 34). High cumulative respirable silica dust category showed a statistically significant association with PTB (OR = 6.4 (95 % CI 1. 8-23)) and a significant trend of increasing disease prevalence with increasing cumulative respirable silica dust categories was observed (ptrend < 0.01). Smoking showed a statistically significant association with PTB with OR = 4.3 (95 % CI 1.9-9.9). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the association of increased risk for certified active TB with cumulative respirable dust in a dose related manner among this sample of copper miners. There is need to intensify dust control measures and incorporate anti-smoking interventions into TB prevention and control programmes in the mines.

Perioperative respiratory care in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery: Implications for clinical practice.

Obesity is an increasing problem worldwide. The number of people with obesity doubled since the 1980's to affect an estimated 671 million people worldwide. Obese patients in general have an altered respiratory physiology and can have an impaired lung function, which leads to an increased risk of developing pulmonary complications during anaesthesia and after bariatric surgery (approximately 8%). Therefore the respiratory management of the bariatric surgical patient provides a number of challenges. This review will focus on the perioperative respiratory care in bariatric surgical patients discussing respiratory physiology in the obese and perioperative respiratory care in bariatric surgery. Finally the value of preoperative pulmonary function testing and preoperative OSAS screening will be discussed.

Biomass Fuel Smoke and Tuberculosis: A Case-Control Study.

This case control study was done to ascertain the association between exposures to biomass cooking fuel smoke and pulmonary tuberculosis. Cases were all newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients, randomly collected from the Hospital (DOTS centers) Registry from January 2012 to June 2012 from two Upazillas of Sirajganj district, Bangladesh. A home visitation program was done subsequently. Healthy controls were recruited from the neighbourhood of each case through a predefined procedure. Total 276 new pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 276 neighbourhood controls were enrolled. A semi-structured questionnaire containing demographic information, smoking habits, cooking place, kitchen condition, use of biomass fuel for cooking was used for interview. Crude (unadjusted) odd ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence limits for independent variables were determined by binary logistic regression. All significant variables were entered into a multivariate conditional logistic regression model and a final fitted model was determined by backward elimination methods. In univariate analysis, member of a nuclear family {Unadjusted odd ratio (Unadj. OR) 1.570, 95% CI 1.008-2.44)}, having non-formal education (Unadj. OR 2.739, 95% CI 1.219, 6.153) or primary (Unadj. OR 3.407, 95% CI 1.492, 7.782) to secondary level (Unadj. OR 2.392, 95% CI 1.032, 5.544) education, using cow dung (Unadj. OR 3.961, 95% CI 1.267, 12.376) and biomass fuel i.e. plant origin (Unadj. OR 3.382, 95% CI 1.087, 10.518) for cooking, past smoker (Unadj. OR 2.504, 95% CI 1.061, 5.910), using open oven (Unadj. OR 3.109, 95% CI 0.995, 9.716), having small kitchen area (Unadj. OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.989, 0.999) all were significantly associated with tuberculosis. When all significant variables were entered into a multivariate conditional logistic regression model nuclear family {Adjusted odd ratio (Adj OR) 1.808, 95% CI 1.127, 2.9)}, primary level education (Adj OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.23, 6.647) and non formal education (Adj OR 2.312, 95% CI 1.013, 5.276), biomass fuel (plant origin, Adj OR 3.497, 95% CI 1.059, 11.55), and cow dung (Adj OR 4.368, 95% CI 1.319, 14.464)) used in cooking and irregular smoker (who stop smoking at least 6 month back) (Adj OR 2.806, 95% CI 1.141, 6.901) were significantly associated with tuberculosis cases. From this study significant association have been found between exposure to combustion of biomass cooking fuel and tuberculosis.